The Cooperative Fuels Research (CFR) engine is the long-established standard for characterization of fuel knock resistance in spark-ignition internal combustion engines. Despite its measurements of RON and MON being widely used, there is little understanding of what governs the CFR octane rating for fuels of various chemical compositions compared to primary reference fuels (iso-octane and n-heptane). Detailed combustion characteristics were measured on a highly instrumented CFR F1/F2 engine during RON testing of fuels with significantly different chemical composition. The results revealed differences in the cylinder pressure and temperature conditions, as well as knocking characteristics.
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ASTM D2699 – 15a, Designation: 237/87, Standard test method for research octane number of spark-ignition engine fuel.
SPLITTER, D., PAWLOWSKI, A., WAGNER, R. A historical analysis of the co-evolution of gasoline octane number and spark-ignition engines. Front. Mech. Eng. 2016, 1:16.
KOLODZIEJ, C., PAMMINGER, M., SEVIK, J. et al. Effects of fuel laminar flame speed compared to engine tumble ratio, ignition energy, and injection strategy on lean and EGR dilute spark ignition combustion. SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 2017, 10(1), 2017-01-0671.
Determination of a most representative cycle from cylinder pressure ensembles via statistical method using distribution skewness González Pulpeiro, Carrie Hall, Christopher Kolodziej International Journal of Engine Research
Effects of Lambda on Knocking Characteristics and RON Rating Alexander Hoth, Gonzalez Pulpeiro, Christopher Kolodziej, Toby Rockstroh SAE Technical Paper Series
The Impact of Octane Number Boosters on Knock Characteristics in a
Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) Engine Karri Keskinen, Atmadeep Bhattacharya, Ossi Kaario, Otto Blomstedt, Olli Ranta, Rupali Tripathi, Teemu Sarjovaara SAE Technical Paper Series
Statistical Analysis of Fuel Effects on Cylinder Conditions Leading to End-Gas Autoignition in SI Engines Gonzalez Pulpeiro, Ashish Shah, Alexander Hoth, Toby Rockstroh, Christopher Kolodziej SAE Technical Paper Series
Insights into Engine Knock: Comparison of Knock Metrics across Ranges of Intake Temperature and Pressure in the CFR Engine Toby Rockstroh, Christopher Kolodziej, Mads Jespersen, S. Goldsborough, Thomas Wallner SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants
Development and Validation of a Three Pressure Analysis (TPA) GT-Power Model of the CFR F1/F2 Engine for Estimating Cylinder Conditions Seungmok Choi, Christopher Kolodziej, Alexander Hoth, Thomas Wallner SAE Technical Paper Series
New GKI - Gasoline Knock Index for Rating of Fuel’s Knock Resistance on an Upgraded CFR Test Engine Johann Hauber, Karl Huber, Robert Nell SAE Technical Paper Series
Design and Validation of a GT Power Model of the CFR Engine towards the Development of a Boosted Octane Number Saif Salih, Dan DelVescovo SAE Technical Paper Series
Development of a Virtual CFR Engine Model for Knocking Combustion Analysis Pinaki Pal, Christopher Kolodziej, Seungmok Choi, Sibendu Som, Alberto Broatch, Josep Gomez-Soriano, Yunchao Wu, Tianfeng Lu, Yee See SAE International Journal of Engines
Effects of Heat of Vaporization and Octane Sensitivity on Knock-Limited Spark Ignition Engine Performance Matthew Ratcliff, Jonathan Burton, Petr Sindler, Earl Christensen, Lisa Fouts, Robert McCormick SAE Technical Paper Series
Investigating auto-ignition behavior of n-heptane/iso-octane/ethanol mixtures for gasoline surrogates through rapid compression machine measurement and chemical kinetics analysis Qinhao Fan, Zhi Wang, Yunliang Qi, Yingdi Wang Fuel
Effects of fuel composition at varying air-fuel ratio on knock resistance during spark-ignition combustion Ahmad Almaleki, Paul Hellier, Nicos Ladommatos, Midhat Talibi, Zuhaib Khan Fuel
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