The problem of cold start emissions from vehicles
More details
Hide details
1
Wydział Samochodów i Maszyn Roboczych, Politechnika Warszawska, Poland
2
Environment Protection Centre, Motor Transport Institute, Poland
Submission date: 2023-11-30
Final revision date: 2024-02-29
Acceptance date: 2024-03-25
Online publication date: 2024-06-07
Publication date: 2024-11-13
Combustion Engines 2024,199(4), 43-51
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The progression of passenger vehicles is progressing, and regulations are continually being revised, resulting in a decrease in car exhaust emissions. The European Commission has revised the RDE test procedure to include exhaust emissions during a cold start, as part of package 3. The article carried out simulations using COPERT software, which uses tests based on WLTP, assuming ambient temperatures from -10◦C to +20◦C, at intervals of 5◦C. This paper aims to present the results of mathematically modelling the influence of ambient temperature on the cold-start emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), hydrocarbons (treated as Volatile organic compounds - VOC), total particulate matter (TSP) and particle number (PN) in passenger cars and light-duty vehicles. The modelling results show that a change in ambient temperature significantly affects carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), hydrocarbons (treated as Volatile organic compounds - VOC), total particulate matter (TSP) and particle number (PN) in cold-start emissions.
REFERENCES (24)
1.
Air quality in Europe – 2021 report. EEA – European Environmental Agency. Copenhagen, Denmark.
3.
Bielaczyc P, Szczotka A, Woodburn J. The effect of a low ambient temperature on the cold-start emissions and fuel consumption of passenger cars. P I Mech Eng D-J Aut. 2011;225(9):1253-1264.
https://doi.org/10.1177/095440....
4.
Bielaczyc P, Szczotka A, Woodburn J. Cold start emissions of spark-ignition engines at low ambient temperatures as an air quality risk. Arch Environ Prot. 2014;40(3):86-100.
5.
Chu Van T, Zare A, Jafari M, Bodisco TA, Surawski N, Verma P et al. Effect of cold start on engine performance and emissions from diesel engines using IMO-compliant distillate fuels. Environ Pollut. 2019;255(2):113260.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envp....
6.
Daham B, Li H, Andrews G. Comparison of real world emissions in urban driving for Euro 1-4 vehicles using a PEMS. SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-0941. 2009.
https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-0....
7.
Dimaratos A, Toumasatos Z, Doulgeris S, Triantafyllopoulos G, Konstses A, Samaras Z. Assessment of CO2 and NOx emissions of one diesel and one bi-fuel gasoline/CNG Euro 6 vehicles during realworld driving and laboratory testing. Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering. 2019;5:62.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmech.....
8.
European Commission: Regulation 2016/427. EC – European Commission. Official Journal of the European Union L 82, 1-98. EC (2016b): Regulation 2016/646. EC – European Commission. Official Journal of the European Union L 109, 1-22.
9.
European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Vlachos T, Bonnel P, Weiss M. et al., Including cold-start emissions in the Real-Driving Emissions (RDE) test procedure – an assessment of cold-start frequencies and emission effects. Publications Office. 2017.
https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.....
10.
Faria MV, Varella RA, Duarte GO, Farias TL, Baptista PC. Engine cold start analysis using naturalistic driving data: City level impacts on local pollutants emissions and energy consumption. Sci Total Environ. 2018;630:544-559.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scit....
11.
Franco V, Zacharopoulou T, Hammer J, Schmidt H, Mock P, Weiss M et al. Evaluation of exhaust emissions from three diesel-hybrid cars and simulation of after-treatment systems for ultralow real-world NOx emissions. Environ Sci Technol. 2016;50:13151-13159.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.es....
12.
Gis M. Assessment of exhaust emissions from vehicles in real traffic conditions. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci. 2019;214:012035.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1....
13.
Kurtyka K, Pielecha J. Cold start emissions from a gasoline engine in RDE tests at different ambient temperatures. Combustion Engines. 2020;181(2):24-30.
https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-20....
14.
Lairenlakpam R, Jain AK, Gupta P, Kamei W, Badola R, Singh Y. Effect of real world driving and different drive modes on vehicle emissions and fuel consumption. SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-5017. 2018.
https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-0....
15.
Laskowski P, Zimakowska-Laskowska M, Zasina D. Modelling of the air pollutants’ cold-start emissions depending on average vehicles’ speed. Combustion Engines. 2022;188(1):96-103.
https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-14....
16.
McCaffery C, Zhu H, Li C, Durbin TD, Johnson KC, Jung H et al. On-road gaseous and particulate emissions from GDI vehicles with and without gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) using portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS). Sci Total Environ. 2020;710:136366.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scit....
17.
Ntziachristos L, Boulter P. EMEP/EEA Air pollutant emissions inventory guidebook 2019. 1.A.3.b.i-iv Road transport 2019. European Environment Agency: Copenhagen, Denmark. 2023.
https://www.eea.europa.eu/publ....
18.
Pielecha J, Merkisz J, Kurtyka K, Skobiej K. Cold start emissions of passenger cars with gasoline and diesel engines in Real Driving Emissions tests. Combustion Engines. 2019;179(4):160-168.
https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-20....
19.
Prati M, Meccariello G, Della Ragione L, Costagliola MA. Real driving emissions of a light-duty vehicle in Naples. Influence of road grade. SAE Technical Paper 2015-24-2509. 2015.
https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-2....
20.
Ramadhas AS, Xu H, Liu D, Tian J. Reducing cold start emissions from automotive diesel engine at cold ambient temperatures. Aerosol Air Qual Res. 2016;16:3330-3337.
https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2....
21.
Regulation 2017/1154 – Amendment of Regulation (EU) 2017/1151 supplementing Regulation 715/2007 on type-approval of motor vehicles with respect to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information, amending Directive 2007/46/EC, Commission Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 and Commission Regulation (EU) No 1230/2012 and repealing Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 and Directive 2007/46/EC as regards real-driving emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 6).
22.
Suarez-Bertoa R, Valverde V, Clairotte M, Pavlovic J, Giechaskiel B, Franco V et al. On-road emissions of passenger cars beyond the boundary conditions of the real-driving emissions test. Environ Res. 2019;176:108572.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envr....
23.
Varella R., Duarte, G., Baptista, P. Mendoza Villafuerte P, Sousa L. Analysis of the influence of outdoor temperature in vehicle cold-start operation following EU real driving emission test procedure. SAE Int J Commer Veh. 2017;10(2):596-697.
https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-2....
24.
Williams R, Andersson J, Hamje H, Ziman P, Kar K, Fittavolini C et al. Impact of demanding low temperature urban operation on the real driving emissions performance of three European diesel passenger cars. SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-1819. 2018.
https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-0....